Species Composition Of Fish Fauna Research Articles

Influence of heavy metals on physiological and biochemical parameters of Pseudorasbora parva (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae)

Anthropogenic load on aquatic ecosystems leads to increased inputs of heavy metals, which can have a toxic effect on aquatic organisms. Some of the most appropriate objects for research are short-cycle fish species. This article considers the results of studies on the adaptive reactions of the stone moroko Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck et Schlegel, 1846) to Mn, Pb, Ni heavy metal ions, which exceeded the reference values in the reservoir by 1.7, 1.5 and 2.0 times, respectively. Changes in morphological parameters of the blood and histocytological pattern of the hepatopancreas of the experimental species under the influence of toxicants, as well as changes in biochemical parameters, were determined. It was noted that the influence of Mn caused pathological changes in the form of poikilocytosis. The morphometric parameters of erythrocytes (the cell area and the nuclear area) reached 67.48 ± 0.67 and 13.97 ± 0.22 µm2 respectively (4.0% and 13.8% less compared to the control). The influence of Ni resulted in an increased number of leukocytes and immature forms of erythrocytes. The area of erythrocytes was 0.9% smaller than that of the control group, and the area of the nucleus was 4.5% smaller than in the control. The effect of Pb as well as Mn consisted in poikilocytosis. The area of red blood cells and nuclei was smaller by 6.5% and 8.3%, respectively, compared to the control. The percentage of white blood cells in fish exposed to Ni and Pb tended to increase. In the experiment with nickel, the percentage of white blood cells was 10.2% of the number of formed elements; in the experiment with lead – 11.3%; with manganese – 6.1%, while in the control, the number of white blood cells compared to the total number of formed elements of fish was only 1.2%. Cytometric studies have revealed that there are significant differences in the shape, size, and location of hepatocytes in different experimental fish. The structural components of the liver for histological specimens were stained differentially with different intensities and different colours. The hepatocytes on histological specimens of the liver of the stone moroko exposed to Ni and Mn ions did not have clearly defined boundaries, there was a large number of destroyed cells, which indicates the toxic effect of these heavy metals. The hepatocytes exposed to Pb had the largest area of cells and nuclei and the highest nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio is typical for hepatocytes under the influence of Mn. The nuclei had the largest size and occupied 12.7% of the internal contents of the cells. It is shown that under the impact of the studied concentrations of Mn, Ni and Pb, lactate dehydrogenase activity increased by 1.22, 1.14 and 1.48 times compared to the control, respectively. In contrast, there was a 3.27-fold decrease in succinate dehydrogenase activity under the impact of Mn. Besides that, the activity of the enzyme decreased by 1.48 and 1.68 times under the action of Ni and Pb. Subsequently, we found an increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in muscle tissue by 3.25–3.94 times under the influence of the studied toxicants. Muscle protein levels under the impact of Mn were 1.14 times lower than in the control, the most distinct decrease in protein was found under the impact of Ni (1.53 times). The obtained data of physiological and biochemical reactions of the stone moroko to the influence of heavy metals provide an opportunity to predict changes in the species composition of fish fauna under conditions of excessive toxic pollution of ecosystems.

Threats to salmon and endangered fish species in Tysa river basin within trans Carpathian region (review)

Establish ways of creating, thoroughly investigate the threats and their level of salmon and endangered fish species Tysa River Basin within Zakarpattia region. Rate of change, diversity, distribution, the proportion of individual species, to the distribution of geographic elements on the principle of zoning and depending on environmental conditions. The study of threats to salmon and endangered species of fish in the river Tysa carried tributaries and in areas watercourse Transcarpathian region using generalized results of hydrological, ichthyological and toxicological studies. Number of species status of populations, evaluated on the basis of documents, monitoring of rivers, ichthyological data during in 2008–2014 years of control catching specialists Department of the use, reproduction of water bio-resources and regulation of fisheries in the Transcarpathian region, the State Administration of Environmental Protection in Zakarpattya region, published and unpublished sources, a survey of local fishermen. Collection and processing of materials performed by conventional methods. Comparison of species composition of fish fauna of the Tysa River Basin within Zakarpattia region on the results of previous studies and the current state of evidence that it has changed significantly. Analysis of data for 1926–2015 years revealed the presence of 77 species, which is 41.5 percent more than the same period in 1926. However, should point to the increase in the number and activities of various threats to salmon and other valuable fish species in our region. Established prolonged human pressure, pollution reduced the number of new European grayling and Trout v 13.4 times. There were 16 species, including salmon, listed in the Red Book of Ukraine. Ceased to meet sturgeon passage. Study threats operation populations of salmon and endangered species gives reason to believe that the level of destruction of natural resources, environmental pollution, depletion of the gene pool is too narrow to study hydro. For the first time a comprehensive assessment of threats to salmon, valuable and endangered local fish Transcarpathia in terms of various specific human impact of their pressure from environmental factors in the past and now. A study of the action of environmental factors and implementation of scientifically based measures to restore fish in close to natural. The results can be used in developing preservation methods, quantitative growth of populations of salmon and endangered species not only in Zakarpattya but also in the Carpathian region, water protection planning activities.

SPECIES COMPOSITION OF FISH FAUNA IN THE COASTAL WATERS OF QUANG NGAI PROVINCE

Three surveys were carried out in May, August and December 2014 at 7 sampling location to determine species composition of fish fauna in the coastal waters of Quang Ngai province (the Central Vietnam). A total number of 178 species of fishes were identified belonging to 125 genera, 68 families and 13 orders. Analysis of community structure of fish fauna showed that Perciformes order was the most popular, making up 71.9%; Tetraodontiformes (8.4%); Pleuronectiformes (5.6%). Serranidae family was the most abundant with 14 species, making up 7.9% of the total number of species; Carangidae: 12 species (6.7%); Lutjanidae, Gobiidae had the same number of species with 9 species (5.1%); Scombridae: 7 species (3.9%); Soleidae: 6 species (3.4%); Haemulidae, Mullidae, Tetraodontidae: 5 species (2.8%);... Cluster analysing based on the Bray-Curtis similarity index of nine fish faunas (Thai Binh, Son Tra, Thu Bon, Quang Nam, Nha Phu-Binh Cang, Ben Tre and Tra Vinh) showed that fish composition of the coastal estuaries of Tra Vinh and Ben Tre had the highest similarity (80%), subsequently fish fauna of Quang Ngai had similarity with that of Nha Phu-Binh Cang (39%), Quang Ngai and Quang Nam (42%), Quang Nam and Nha Phu-Binh Cang (41%), Quang Nam and Son Tra (38%), Thai Binh and Ben Tre (37%), Quang Ngai and Son Tra (36%). The result was also classified into two distinct groups of 7 fish faunas: Group 1-Tra Vinh, Ben Tre and Thai Binh; group 2-Quang Ngai, Quang Nam, Nha Phu-Binh Cang and Son Tra. The species richness (Margalef’s index) of Quang Ngai (34.2) was less abundant than other areas, the highest species richness belonged to Tra Vinh (38.2), Thai Binh (38.0), Quang Nam (37.8), Nha Phu-Binh Cang (35.1), Son Tra (30.9), Ben Tre (29.4). The diversity of species composition according to the level taxa in each region showed the characteristic of each fish fauna.

Fishes of the Astrakhan Nature Reserve: an updated checklist with comments of recent records

Since publication of the previous list (Litvinov & Podolyako, 2013), new data on species composition of fish fauna in the Astrakhan State Reserve have been obtained. As a result of revisions of the collected material and new records (e.g., the first finding of Khvalyn spined loach Cobitis amphilekta Vasil’eva, Vasil’ev, 2012), the list of fish species has been corrected and widened. At present, the list of fish species in the Reserve includes one species of Petromyzontidae and 60 species of Acipenseridae, Clupeidae, Cyprinidae, Cobitidae, Siluridae, Coregonidae, Salmonidae, Esocidae, Lotidae, Atherinidae, Gasterosteidae, Syngnathidae, Percidae, and Gobiidae. Identifications used in previous lists of fishes found in the Astrakhan reserve in 1936–2016 and brief information on biology and dates of latest records of each species are given.

Transformation of Dnepr (Zaporizhia) reservoir`s fish fauna: retrospective review and current status

Creation of reservoirs by regulation of the Dnieper River and small rivers caused significant changes in the conditions of existence and affected on  fish biodiversity of pondsof Prydniprovya. To the anthropogenic factors influencing the species composition of fish fauna factors of technical and fishery character can be included. Technical impact on water bodies is associated with the creation of new artificial lakes, ecosystems of which are not stable and are influenced by invasive processes. Fisheries management measures include work on the introduction of new species of fish that primarily have economic importance for the development of industrial fishing. Work on the introduction of new species have both positive and negative effects, but nevertheless new species affect natively on fish fauna. This transforms biota of reservoir and creates conditions for further spread of new species, increasing their numbers, creating new ecological relationships in the ecosystem of the pond. In the formation of the Dnieper (Zaporizhia) reservoir`s fish fauna it is traditionally defined five stages: the first stage is before building a dam to the Dnieper (until 1931) when there was a natural Dnieper rapids area, inhabited by migratory, semi-migratory and local fish; the second stage is the beginning of formation of reservoir`s fish fauna with the gradual disappearance of reophilic and dominance of limnophilic species (1931–1941); the third stage is the restoration of fish populations of Dnieper rapids due to destruction of dam during the Second World War (1941–1947); fourth stage is the secondary formation of ichtiocenosis of reservoir after recovery of dam (1947–1960); fifth stage is reforming of the structure of fish fauna in terms of cascade (creation of Dnieper reservoirs) and anthropogenic pressures (from 1961 to the present period). The first stage is defined by period of filling the reservoir. After the construction of Zaporozhye hydroelectric station the process of rebuilding fish fauna took place. In the early years of the reservoir existence migratory and semi-migratory fish have naturally disappeared. The species composition of fish fauna has decreased by 11 taxons. The number of reophilic species has markedly reduced and remained predominantly in the upper river part of the reservoir. The lower part of reservoir with sustained hydrological regime has been being actively assimilated by fish of limnophilic complex. The second and third stages are associated with the destruction of the dam during the Second World War and the short restoration of hydrobiological regime of Dnieper rapids, until the re-filling of the reservoir and its final transformation into a regulated pond. The flow of these two phases has not influenced significantly the structure of industrial ichtyocomplex total number of species at that time was 38 taxons. The fourth stage involves fishery exploitation of reservoir. With the aim of the purposeful impact on formation of industrial fish fauna of the Dnieper (Zaporizhia) reservoir, considering sufficient development of natural fodder the works on artificial introduction of new species were carried out in the years 1950-1960. The fifth stage of development and current state of fish fauna of reservoir is characterized by the emergence and spread of invasive species. During the period of existence of the Dnieper (Zaporizhia) reservoir ichthyofauna of the reservoir has substantially transformed. In the modern fish fauna of reservoir there are 52 species of fish which are representatives of 14 families. Compared with the period of existence of Dnieper River before its regulation the number of species remained at the same level, but the species composition and structure of fish fauna changed drastically due to the loss of some species and the emergence of other species, mostly unwanted invaders. Changing the number of species is related to several factors. Firstly, process of spread of species upstream took place after the disappearance of Dnieper Rapids and rise of mineralization. Secondly, with the deliberate introduction of fish with purpose of fishery exploitation of the reservoir, and as a consequence randomly invasion of some species that came from fish farms. Thirdly, emergence of new species is also connected with the deliberate release of fish to the open water, similarly Pumpkinseed Sunfish Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) has appeared in the Dnipro (Zaporizhia) reservoir, which is well acclimatized and has broadly extended its habitat in reservoirs of Dnipropetrovsk region. Today about 31 % of fish species of Dnieper (Zaporizhia) reservoir is adventitious. The process of genesis of fish fauna of the Dnieper (Zaporizhia) reservoir is still ongoing and it is connected with the subsequent emergence of new species and rise of their numbers. Such changes in the fish fauna of reservoir can harm fisheries because the vast majority of fish aliens are competitors by food for young commercially valuable fish species.

The concept of local explosion in freshwater ecosystems

The concept of an explosion in freshwater ecosystems as a result of the release of accumulated energy, accompanied by the destruction of the steady climax successions of hydrocenoses is presented. The typification of local explosions as well as methods for assessing their risk during the development of river basins are shown. The change in atmospheric circulation, impaired phases of the hydrological regime of rivers, increasing the average temperature of the planet, including in Polesie to 0,6 ºC, deforestation leads to concentration and release of huge amounts of unmanaged terrestrial energy, which manifests itself in the form of disasters and emergencies. Hydroecological explosion is formed as a result of multifactorial external influence (natural and anthropogenic) on the water body in a certain period of time. Moreover, its level at wastewater discharge depends on the mass of recycled impurities and behaved processing capacity of the reservoir, and the mass of dumped on biocides and the possibility of the water flow to their dilution and to the utilization of non-toxic concentrations. In all these cases the preservation of "centers of life" in the tributaries of the first order – local fish reproduction areas contributed to ecosystem recovery, and the entire ecosystem has evolved from equilibrium to non-equilibrium with further restructuring after the explosion and environmental transition to a new trophic level. It means that hydroecological explosion can be researched as the logical course of development of living matter in abiotic environmental conditions, ending abruptly with the formation of new species composition cenoses and new bio-productivity. The buffer capacity of the water environment is reduced due to re-development and anthropic transformation of geobiocenoses of river basins, which leads to a weakening of life resistance. This applies particularly to the southern industrial regions of Ukraine, located in the arid zone that is even more relevant in the context of increased average temperature due to the greenhouse effect, as well as to Polesie (Western, Central and Chernihiv), had been exposed to large-scale drainage of 60-80th years, which contributed to the degradation of peatlands and fitostroma. Imposing the western trace of emissions from the Chernobyl accident to these areas had created the conditions of prolonged hydroecological explosion in an intense process of aging water bodies, especially lakes, change in species composition of fish fauna and the occurrence of neoplasms at the organismal level. Under these conditions, for the existence of man and the environment the vitaukta should be strengthened, i.e. buffer resistance and capacitance the aquatic environment, bioefficiency on the one hand and balanced using the energy deposited - on the other. This will restore the functioning of ecosystems "channel-floodplain", "riverbed-lake", reducing the energy load on the aquatic environment. Hydroecological explosions of natural origin can not be considered a pathology – it is a jump process of natural selection of species of biota. Another thing, if they are of anthropogenic origin and if the magnitude of such an impact is on the power of geological factors. Hydroecological explosions can be regarded as a manifestation of environmental wars that consciously or unconsciously, human society is waging against themselves and their kind in the river basins, so prevention of entropy increase in the aquatic environment and the prevention of hydroecological explosions is a matter of human survival. While the man - is not the final link in the development of living matter, it can develop without him, as matter is eternal, and the forms of its existence are different.

Фауна костистих риб пізнього меотису Північно-Західного Причорномор’я

Results of studying fossil bony fish fauna from the three Late Maeotian localities in the North-Western Black Sea region – Orikhivka, Andriivka and Novoukrainka 1 – are presented. 15 species of 11 genera and 3 orders (Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, Esociformes) were identified. Еcological analysis of the Late Maeotian ichthyofaunistic complexes of Southern Ukraine is presented. Core complex composed by representatives of the family Cyprinidae. Herbivorous, malacophages, carnivorous and omnivorous forms were found in all communities. The species composition of fish fauna is characterizing reservoirs with different conditions of existence: heavily overgrown parts warmed bed with sandy bottom and a slow stream; muddy shallow areas with warm water; rapids with moderate to speed flow; deep sloughs and backwaters. Keywords: bony fishes, Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, Esociformes, Late Maeotian, MN 13, Novoukrainka 1, Andriivka, Orikhivka, North-Western Black Sea region.